Adequacy of Food Group Intake and Dietary Habits in Children Aged 3 to 10 Years with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Lima, Peru, 2022-2023: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit food selectivity and specific mealtime behaviors, which may affect dietary variety. Objective: To describe the adequacy of food group intake and dietary habits in children aged 3 to 10 years with ASD in Metropolitan Lima, Peru, during 2022-2023. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 105 children with ASD. Mothers completed a self-administered online questionnaire. Food intake was estimated using a questionnaire based on the food consumption frequency structure of the National Center for Food and Nutrition (CENAN). Daily portions of seven food groups were compared with CENAN exchange ranges according to age. Dietary habits, behaviors, and preferences were assessed using questions based on specialized literature. Results: The median age was 4 years (IQR: 3-6), and 80.9% were male. Intake was below reference ranges for vegetables (76.2%), fruits (76.2%), dairy products (70.5%), and meat, fish, and eggs (71.4%). Overall, 61.9% exhibited specific mealtime behaviors, and 65.7% did not participate in food selection or preparation. The most frequently preferred food groups were meat, fish, and eggs, and fruits (48.6% each), whereas vegetables were the least preferred (20.9%). Conclusion: Low intake of several food groups and specific dietary behaviors and preferences were observed, highlighting the importance of considering these factors jointly when assessing the nutritional status of children with ASD.