Evolutionary review, classifications, and detection methods of ß-lactamase enzymes key to antibiotic resistance.

Abstract

This article is a narrative review of the literature on the evolution, classification, and detection methods of ß-lactamases, key enzymes in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The aim is to increase interest in these proteins, whose knowledge is essential for accurate diagnosis and the development of timely therapeutic strategies, especially against multidrug-resistant bacteria, which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The proposed classifications and criteria used to categorize these enzymes are reviewed in detail, and their systematic classification is presented to enhance understanding. Additionally, the amino acid sequences of several ß-lactamase-capable proteins are analyzed, highlighting substitutions that modify their hydrolysis spectra, which is crucial for understanding their evolution and the selective pressures that have driven their diversification. Emphasis is also placed on the history and clinical impact of these enzymes in daily medical practice. Although a broad period of scientific literature is covered, it is acknowledged that not all aspects can be addressed. Finally, readers are encouraged to explore areas of interest that may have been treated tangentially, in order to contribute to more effective control of antimicrobial resistance.